Tyler PalmateerNashville Tennessean
Jennifer White was in her kitchen when a conversation struck her like a thunderbolt.
Pat Summitt, then Pat Head, had closely recruited the Loretto star and high school All-American leading up to her senior year in 1979. White played on Summitt’s U.S. Junior Olympic team one summer and was told, by no accident, to room with Lady Vols star guard Holly Warlick.
At home, White’s bedroom carpet was Tennessee orange and UT posters hung on the walls.
Out of the blue, Summitt called her.
“Jennifer, I think you’re the best player in Tennessee,” Summitt said in a conversation detailed by White’s sister, Beverly. “I’m really sorry to tell you this. But you’re going to have to go somewhere else.”
Summitt didn’t offer White a scholarship that year, because of her new promise to not sign any Tennessee high school players until the TSSAA changed its 6-on-6 girls basketball format to 5-on-5. Tennessee was one of just three states that hadn’t eradicated 6-on-6, where only forwards were allowed to shoot, guards only played defense and nobody at either position could dribble across half court.
Summitt wanted to sway public opinion her way.
“People, especially at that time, loved to see Tennessee kids play at Tennessee,” said Warlick, who played 6-on-6 at Bearden and later starred for Summitt, coached on her staff and succeeded her as head coach in 2012.
Six-on-six was both beloved and divisive, illustrated in 1979 by the anonymous back-and-forths between coaches in the Tennessee media, a legal battle against the TSSAA and the fire it lit under Summitt, then just 24 years old.
“You can’t imagine the passion and bitterness involved,” said Larry Taft, The Tennessean sports writer who covered the issue to its end. Taft, who is now retired, went on to later be The Tennessean's sports editor. “You had longtime coaching friends who were on different sides of the issue.”
Almost 45 years later, with the Women’s Basketball Hall of Fame located in Knoxville and the sport booming nationally, Tennessee’s decision to drop 6-on-6 still looms large.
What was 6-on-6 girls basketball and why did Tennessee play it?
As early as the 1920s, state high school associations began tweaking the basketball rules Dr. James Naismith invented in favor of a 6-on-6 format — only forwards were allowed to shoot, guards only played defense and nobody at either position could dribble across half court.
Six-on-six provided athletic opportunities for women when they were scarce before the passing of Title IX in 1972. But states stopped playing it either by choice or because of the legal boundaries it pushed.
Marshall Chapman was told growing up in the 1960s that women’s bodies couldn’t physically handle 5-on-5 basketball.
“The men made the rules, right? They thought we would ruin our reproductive systems if we ran full court. I’m serious,” said Chapman, who was a high school 6-on-6 star in Kentucky. She played intramurally at Vanderbilt when there was no scholarship program and endowed the school's first women's basketball scholarship after starting a successful songwriting career.
The most 5-on-5 Chapman ever played was in her 40s, during weekly pickup games at Belmont’s gymnasium with Vince Gill, Garth Brooks and Sawyer Brown lead singer Mark Miller.
“It was the best shape I’ve ever been in in my life,” Chapman said.
The TSSAA legal battle that ignited Pat Summitt
Doris Rogers felt lucky to play organized basketball in the 1950s. Tennessee didn’t sanction a state tournament for much of that decade.
Rogers starred for Porter’s 1959 6-on-6 girls basketball championship team, then went on to win eight straight 5-on-5 AAU national titles with Nashville Business College and two gold medals with the United States women’s basketball national team. In 1976, the TSSAA convinced her to be one of its witnesses when it was sued in district court by Oak Ridge High School junior Victoria Ann Cape, whose legal team sought an injunction to allow 5-on-5 high school girls basketball in Tennessee.
The suit succeeded in district court but was overturned in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.
“I didn’t know any different,” Rogers said of her decision to testify. The TSSAA viewed her as evidence that high school 6-on-6 players could have successful 5-on-5 careers. “Honestly, I was ignorant. I thought I’d had a good experience, and I did, but in retrospect, I think it could’ve been a lot better.”
Cape’s lawyers used any opportunity to pounce on TSSAA executive director Gill Gideon.
“One of (Gideon’s) reasons for keeping the game the way it was that it gave an opportunity for — I don’t remember if he said, big, clumsy or slow — but the ‘unathletic’ players a chance to play because they didn’t have to run the court,” Rogers said. “The (prosecuting) attorney responded with, ‘Oh, well in that case we need to change the men’s rules to 6-on-6 so the big, unathletic boys can stay on one end and play.’
"That was priceless.”
Summitt served as a witness on the losing side. Bristling from the legal result, in 1979 she announced her recruiting ultimatum.
A TSSAA poll in 1977 showed Tennessee high school administrators slightly favored changing to 5-on-5. Still, those who followed the story felt the TSSAA Legislative Council wouldn’t budge on the issue.
But inside, Summitt's stance had pushed the association to its brink.
The TSSAA meeting that changed Tennessee high school girls basketball
In 1979, Council members settled into chairs on the second floor of the James Union Building on MTSU’s campus and pooled their secret ballots for the 6-on-6 vote.
“I don’t know how you measure tension,” said former TSSAA executive director Ronnie Carter, who then was a 33-year-old assistant director. “But you could feel it in that room.”
Silence filled the void between each vote that was read. Out came one “yes” in favor of 5-on-5. Then two. Then three. “Pretty soon it was like, (six-on-six) isn’t going to pass,” said Taft, who was the only media member who covered the meeting.
The Board’s final 6-3 vote changed TSSAA girls basketball rules to 5-on-5, making Tennessee the third-to-last state to do so behind only Iowa (1993) and Oklahoma (1995).
Board members left the room in silence and later went the short distance to MTSU’s Murphy Center, where the TSSAA girls basketball state tournament was under way.
By the time they arrived, the arena was already buzzing about the news.
The top recruit Tennessee’s Pat Summitt let slip away
Summitt’s recruiting stance cost her in the short run.
White signed with Louisiana Tech, which defeated Tennessee eight out of nine times over the next four years. That included drilling Summitt’s Lady Vols, 79-59, in the 1981 AIAW national championship game. The Lady Techsters crushed UT the next year too, 69-46, in the national semifinals to capture the inaugural NCAA women’s championship.
Summitt is overwhelmingly credited today for delivering the final blow to Tennessee 6-on-6 girls basketball. After the TSSAA decision, she signed 46 in-state players over the next 30 years, while capturing 1,098 victories and eight national titles at UT before her death in 2016.
“If it hadn’t been for Pat,” MTSU women’s basketball coach Rick Insell said, “we would still be behind.”
Reach sports writer Tyler Palmateer at tpalmateer@tennessean.com and on the X platform, formerly Twitter, @tpalmateer83.
Insights, advice, suggestions, feedback and comments from experts
As a sports historian and enthusiast with a deep understanding of women's basketball history, I am well-versed in the concepts and events surrounding the transition from 6-on-6 to 5-on-5 girls' basketball in Tennessee. My knowledge extends to the cultural, social, and legal aspects that shaped the game during that period.
This article delves into the pivotal moment in women's basketball history when Tennessee transitioned from the 6-on-6 format to the 5-on-5 format. This shift was driven by various factors, including the influence of legendary coach Pat Summitt, the legal battles surrounding the game, and the social attitudes towards women's sports at the time.
The 6-on-6 format, which limited the roles of forwards and guards and restricted dribbling across half court, was prevalent in several states, including Tennessee. The article highlights the significance of this format in providing athletic opportunities for women when they were scarce, especially before the passing of Title IX in 1972. It also sheds light on the cultural beliefs and misconceptions regarding women's physical abilities, as exemplified by the claim that women couldn't physically handle 5-on-5 basketball due to concerns about their reproductive systems.
The legal battle against the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association (TSSAA) and the testimony of influential figures such as Doris Rogers underscore the complex and contentious nature of the transition. Pat Summitt's recruiting stance, where she refused to sign any Tennessee high school players until the TSSAA changed its rules, further emphasizes the passionate debate and division surrounding this issue.
The article vividly portrays the tension and significance of the TSSAA meeting in 1979, where the decision to change the rules to 5-on-5 was finally made. This decision marked a pivotal moment in the history of Tennessee high school girls' basketball, ultimately leading to the state joining the majority of others in adopting the 5-on-5 format.
Furthermore, the impact of this transition is exemplified through the recruitment of players like Jennifer White, who ultimately signed with Louisiana Tech due to Summitt's recruiting stance. The long-term effects of this decision are evident in the dominance of Tennessee women's basketball in the years following the transition.
In summary, the transition from 6-on-6 to 5-on-5 girls' basketball in Tennessee was a multifaceted and transformative process that reflected the evolving social, cultural, and legal landscape of women's sports. It represented a significant milestone in the history of women's basketball, with lasting implications for the sport's development and the opportunities available to female athletes.
